Ultimately, the origins of clerical dress come from stylizations of street dress of around Constantine's time. This, of course, varied a bit between east and west, as it still does. Then, it also includes elements from the Byzantine Imperial Court, and a few other influences throughout history.

But, the origins of clerical dress would be significantly earlier, and from a different part of the world, than those of the tartans. In a sense, it's like asking if clergy have ever worn anything like a baseball cap (a.k.a. trucker hat) with their vestments.

Working tartans into clerical dress, basically being only done in the modern era, is a relatively new thing, and not necessarily bad, as long as it's done tastefully. Heck, I've even seen an Eastern Orthodox military chaplain with liturgical vestments made of camouflage material! I didn't think they looked that bad myself, but it's entirely missing the theological point of the clothing.

Now, given that most tartans have particular clan associations, the danger would be alienating those who don't have that particular clan membership. One could stick to the more-or-less universal tartans such as the Black Watch, but it would limit one's ability to co-ordinate with the liturgical seasons.

My personal thought would be that one could add a plaid throw, like a pipers plaid, or a "laird's plaid" (basically the same thing - just depends on whether it's being worn by a piper, or a member of the aristocracy) to the cassock.

But, I guess it depends on what style of vestments one is talking about. With the post Vatican II renovationism of liturgy in all it's aspects, one could possibly find a way to work tartans in, I'm sure. Just don't try to be too gaudy about it.